Urban poverty

Last update: July 1, 2022, 22:08 GMT Despite supporting thousands of livelihoods, the Government of Ghana showed up with bulldozers and armed military on July 1, 2021, and totally demolished the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. Just 8 days after a high-profiled Basel Convention Webinar on E-waste management with a focus on Agbogbloshie. This reverses years of e-waste management efforts and gains. The Agbogbloshie demolition: Scrap metal and e-waste recycling workers search for metals and other valuable materials following the demolition of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. The Agbogbloshie Scrapyard was one of the largest e-waste and scrap metal processing areas in Africa. In 2013, Pure Earth and Green Cross Switzerland listed Agbogbloshie among the top ten most toxic environments on earth, along with places such as Chernobyl, Dzerzhinsk, and Hazaribagh. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant For days, Agbogbloshie blazed under thick smoke-filled skies, sending fury among the struggling urban poor who relied on the site as a source of jobs. The demolition has opened up a new frontline; e-waste practices have gone underground, inside living homes, and much closer to where people live. Regrettably, the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard was not demolished due to concerns of heavy metal pollution, but as part of Henry Quartey’s decongestion exercise ‘Let’s Make Accra Work.’ A vision to remake Accra's urban landscape — utopian imaginations that put the urban poor and the spaces they inhabithttps://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Henry-Quartey-leads-team-to-demolish-illegal-structures-on-Tema-Motorway-1352107 in the crosshairs. Mr. Henry Quartey is the Greater Accra Regional Minister. Despite Agbogbloshie being renowned for its severe soil heavy metal contamination, the Minister saidhttps://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Agbogbloshie-onion-market-will-be-fenced-Henry-Quartey-1301395 they intend to “erect a fence wall” around the recently demolished scrap and e-waste recycling site with “a number of projects lined up” to be undertaken — in an area listed alongside Chernobylhttps://www.worstpolluted.org/docs/TopTenThreats2013.pdf, the 1986 nuclear accident site in Ukraine. I think that Mr President’s decision to site Agenda 111 hospital there is the best thing that could happen to a society. So indeed, not just reclaiming the land but it is going to benefit society more than it used to be and I commend the government for that.Henry quartey News reportshttps://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/agbogbloshie-hosts-agenda-111-hospital.html https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Agbogbloshie-cleared-site-to-be-used-to-build-one-of-Agenda-111-hospitals-1337878 https://www.modernghana.com/news/1099539/agenda-111-ablekuma-central-district-hospital.html in the third week of August 2021 suggest the Government has earmarked a section of the site for a new district hospital. Mr. Quartey told Asaase Radiohttps://asaaseradio.com/henry-quartey-decision-to-use-agbobloshie-land-for-agenda-111-hospital-is-the-best/ on October 22, 2021, "I think that Mr President’s decision to site Agenda 111 hospital there is the best thing that could happen to a society. So indeed, not just reclaiming the land but it is going to benefit society more than it used to be and I commend the government for that.” A follow-up publication on April 20, 2022, by Ghana's Daily Graphic — showing a futuristic impression of a high-tech campus-like landscape — provoked laughter. I argue that circulating utopian impressions/imagined urbanisms enable marginalization by characterizing the spaces where the urban poor live and work as pathological and in need of interventions. This utopian thinking raises questions about state knowledge — no thoughts on control and remediation of soil heavy metal pollution — on environmental contamination and potential associated health risks. The aerial photographs below, taken roughly 10 months apart, show the before and after the Agbogbloshie demolition. Agbogbloshie (Sikkins), June 11, 2021: An aerial photo taken on June 11, 2021, shows the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard before it was demolished 20 days later. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant The same area on April 25, 2022: An aerial photo taken on April 25, 2022, shows a vast land reclaimed after the demolition of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard and nearby sites. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Agbogbloshie Demolition: The State vs. The Urban Poor https://youtu.be/QZ2vIpcYzKw A Video Report by Citi News In war-like scenes, the video above from July 1, 2021, shows the police dragging the urban poor onto the streets — slapped and assaulted them — to make way for the demolition of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. The Government of Ghana, represented by Mr. Quartey, clearly misledhttps://web.facebook.com/watch/?v546298389705209 https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Agbogbloshie-Demolition-Henry-Quartey-has-not-been-honest-with-us-Assemblyman-1300291 https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Agbogbloshie-residents-worried-about-safety-at-night-1387894 the affected businesses and communities about the scope of the demolition. As a site of contested e-waste journalism, Agbogbloshie was covered by the most prominent western media outlets. However, none of the human rights violations above and the demolition made headlines in any known major news outlet in the Global North. A woman is displaced following the Agbogbloshie demolition. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant In this video published by GhanaWeb, Mr. Quartey can be seen singing and dancing alongside the people and the security personnel who policed the demolition. Concentrated poverty areas, including Agbogbloshie, are often perceived by the public as the sources of urban problems. This stigmatization, which is in itself a form of symbolic violence, aggravates the conditions of the urban poor. Having rallied the local media behind him, it is no surprise Mr. Quartey enjoyed public supporthttps://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Henry-Quartey-initially-rejected-the-post-of-Regional-Minister-Akufo-Addo-1385047 for this. However, as a Ghanaian, I strongly denounce the human rights violations visited on the urban poor and the distasteful singing and dancing that followed. What Happened in the Weeks Leading up to the July 1, 2021, Demolition? The roughly green-marked area above (courtesy of Google Map, 2021) was the Onion Market. The red-marked site was the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard (where most scrap activities took place). All evidence leading up to the demolition show only the Onion Market was earmarked for 'decongestion' with the traders scheduled to relocate to Adjen Kotoku. In defense of the Agbogbloshie scrap dealers, I'll show below some significant publications leading up to the July 1 demolition and how none mentioned the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard as part of the areas to be torn down. Some of the earliest publications on relocation/decongestion of the area I have seen were around the 3rd week of May 2021. May 20, 2021 / CitiNewsRoom: Relocate to Adjen Kotoku within 7-weeks – Onion traders in Accra ordered There was no single mention of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard or the Greater Accra Scrap Dealers Association (GASDA). May 21, 2021 / Daily Graphic: ‘Bulk breaking’ traders to relocate to Adjen Kotoku No mention of engagement with the scrap dealers. Again, only onion trading groups. The state-owned Daily Graphic, the most widely read newspaper in Ghana, is within walking distance from the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. I doubt the Daily Graphic will disregard any news of the impending demolition of the Scrapyard. Their offices are often at the receiving end of toxic air pollution from the site. May 21, 2021 / Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA): Agbogbloshie Onion Sellers given 7 weeks ultimatum to relocate to Adjen Kotoku The AMA would definitely single out the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard, but they did not. June 16, 2021 / Ghanaweb: Agbogbloshie onion sellers have gone for a mallam to make sure I don’t see July 1 - Henry Quartey Again, no mention of the scrap dealers. June 20, 2021 / Ghanaweb: Agbogbloshie onion sellers backtrack, beg Henry Quartey for time to relocate No mention of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. It was only on June 28, 2021, that the Ghana News Agencyhttps://www.gna.org.gh/1.21003347 listed the scrap dealers as being among the groups expected to receive Government cash to relocate to Adjen Kotoku. The leadership of GASDA has denied any knowledge of this to me. June 29, 2021 / MyJoyOnline: Agbogbloshie onion sellers protest Adjen Kotoku relocation Again, this had nothing at all to do with the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. All faces seen on the media are known onion traders. Not a single known member of GASDA has been part of any of the reports or scenes leading up to the July 1 demolition. The Day of the Demolition Amadu has operated his crap business at Agbogbloshie for more than three decades. He’s exasperated his goods worth nearly $10,000 were wrecked by the Government of Ghana during the demolition despite granting him a permit to operate his scrap business. “Why did they take my money, issued me a permit, turned around, and destroyed the business I have built for more than 30 years?” Angry Amadu asked. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Keeping in mind reports leading up to July 1, you can see why the scrap dealers reacted stronglyhttps://citinewsroom.com/2021/07/we-didnt-know-relocation-to-adjen-kotoku-included-us-agbogbloshie-scrap-dealers/. "I couldn't watch my decades-old business razed down without any notice," said an angry scrap worker. Exasperated Amadu displays an April 2021 authority-issued environmental permit and other papers granted to him by Ghana's Environmental Protection Agency to operate his scrap business at Agbogbloshie. “They took my money and have now destroyed my business, why?” Infuriated Amadu yelled. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant For me, the available media reports above are sufficient to prove that the GASDA leadership was not engaged. Only the Onion Market traders had been involved in negotiations. Post-July 1, the Minister described the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard and the adjoining sites together as the "Onion Market." Was Mr. Quartey himself misled? "Initially, we were hoping to do this in three days, but clearly, it appears we will be here for a week and a half," he said in the linked report above. From estimated 3 days to roughly 10 days? Was the initial estimated 3 days for the Onion Market? Was the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard demolished on a whim — hence the sudden additional one week to complete the exercise? Emerging Consequences of the Agbogbloshie Demolition A scene shows a devastated landscape three days after the Agbogbloshie demolition. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant As a vital heart of the resource recovery industry in Accra, Agbogbloshie was a source of livelihood for thousands of the city's urban poor. For years, I have documented human suffering in its many forms and injustice around Accra. I pointed my cameras on the neglected populations of Agbogbloshie, and in so doing, framed the harsh environment as a refuge for Accra's struggling urban poor by spotlighting certain hidden geographies embedded within the landscape. These ethnographic observations often chronicled the hopes and hardships of the urban poor whose lives were shaped by processes of economic, political, social, and spatial marginalization. An aggrieved protesting urban poor man tears apart his t-shirt depicting the portrait of Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, the current president of Ghana. He's upset after the demolition of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard by the Government of Ghana. Thousands of urban poor relied on the scrapyard as a source of livelihood. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant My work brought viewers face to face with Accra's struggling young people — a 'visually nuanced interpretation' of life around that segment of society. I showed the catastrophic consequences of the Ghana Government's inaction on environmental pollution — especially e-waste as an unrecognized source of lead poisoning among urban poor children. Amid the contested interpretations and counternarratives on e-waste practices, none of us ever suggested (as far as I know) the total demolition of Agbogbloshie as a solution. It would have a devastating impact on the urban poor.It could end up creating multiple informal recycling spots throughout the city and exacerbate environmental pollution. This would have a significant implication for Accra. Both of the concerns above are now underway. The economic significance of Agbogbloshie — often ignored by academia, e-waste journalism, filmmakers, and photographers — cannot be emphasized enough. The Government earns foreign exchange from the vast bulk of the extracted copper, circuit boards, and other materials exported out of Ghana. Industries use some of the materials as primary inputs in the production of new devices. For instance, scrap circuit boards from Agbogbloshie are depopulated and recycled for gold and other precious metals.Agbogbloshie also supplies significant materials to Ghana’s steel industry, which are used for construction steel rods and other industrial and consumer metal products. Make no mistake, Agbogbloshie was and is still a significant environmental threat. However, demolition was not part of any recent discussions, mainly due to the listed reasons above. Urban poverty has very serious implications for the thousands of young people around Agbogbloshie, Old Fadama, and the Jamestown area who are forgotten and cut off from vital social services and economic opportunities. The youth bear the greatest burden of poverty in Ghana. With no economic resources, many young people have withdrawn from social and civic life to the fringes, on the margins of a place such as Agbogbloshie, where they engage in hazardous work. The urban poor, including many children who relied on the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard as a source of livelihood, are now desperate. Kwasi, 36 years old, scavenges from the demolished Agbogbloshie ruin. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Many of them have spent weeks after the demolition with pickaxe and their bare hands digging through the heavy metal contaminated soil to recover metals deposited underground during the bulldozing of Agbogbloshie. On the other front, recovered metals from e-waste are in high demand. They still sell fast for instant cash. While the bigger coalition is still working out for their own space outside of Accra, several scrap dealers have acquired lands in residential areas (in Accra), where they engage in e-waste recycling, including burning waste cables to recover copper. The informal e-waste recycling and the pollution associated with Agbogbloshie have not died down. Intensive recycling now takes place in multiple locations on private properties all over Accra. Some scrap dealers have told me relocating 50km outside Accra would be bad for their business, so they are not hopping on the Teacher Mante coalition. "Itinerant collectors are urban-based, and rural Teacher Mante won't work very well," one Agbogbloshie scrap dealer told me with frustration. I'm not certain how things are going to turn out in the coming months. However, I predict that the tearing down of Agbogbloshie with force without regard for the many years of e-waste management effort and gains (ex. GIZhttps://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/63039.html and Pure Earthhttp://www.pureearth.org/project/agbobloshie-e-waste/ attempts) is likely to spur debates among environmental scientists, urban geographers, and development academics in the years ahead. Update: July 1, 2022 An aerial photo taken on July 1, 2022, shows the reclaimed land 1 year after the demolition of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard and nearby sites. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Today marks one year since the demolition, and I can confirm that no scrap dealer has relocated to the Teacher Mante site. The location doesn’t seem to chime with how their work is organized. I have conducted extensive ethnography following the demolition, with the findings yet to be published. For now, e-waste practices and end-of-life vehicle recycling remain scattered all over Accra and Tema. Punishing the Urban Poor: Emerging Trends Fuseina, 21 years old, moved to Accra in search of economic opportunities. She and her partner could only afford to live in the Old Fadama slum. But they are about to be forcefully displaced. Their wooden shack is scheduled to be demolished later in the day. Teary-eyed Fuseina let it out: “I’m a young person with no education at all. There’s no job, nothing in my village. What would I do? Where should I go now?” Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Immediately after the July 1 demolition, Mr. Quartey threatened that Old Fadama, the largest informal settlement of its kind in Ghana and home to more than 100,000 people, is going down next. This sent a chill through the community. I’m a young person with no education at all. There’s no job, nothing in my village. What would I do? Where should I go now?Fuseina, 21-year-old urban poor Thousands panicked and left to their towns and villages. Accra's mayor eventually instructed Old Fadama slum leaders to demolish shacks 20 meters from the Korle to enable the lagoon's restoration efforts. Aware they occupy these contested spaces only at the sufferance of the state, they painfully complied. Sections of Old Fadama, the largest informal settlement of its kind in Ghana, were demolished on August 7, 2021. Old Fadama — near the center of Accra — is home to more than 100,000 urban poor and rural-urban migrants who had moved to Accra in search of economic opportunities. Thousands of the residents had worked as e-waste and scrap collectors, processors, and traders at the demolished Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant#half Sections of Old Fadama were demolished five weeks after the Agbogbloshie demolition. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant#half Old Fadama residents anxiously watch on as an excavator demolish sections of the settlement. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Fear of pulling any last minute surprises (lessons from the scrapyard demolition), the community leaders gathered resources and conducted the "20 meters from the Korle Lagoon" demolition on their own. The community leaders invited me to cover the demolition. There's clearly more to this. I theorize this 'voluntary' demolition as an emerging trend, where urban authorities use a nearby precedent 'use of force' to coerce the urban poor to demolish their homes. This creates the optics the urban poor razed down their homes on their own free will. This is all very interesting. A Parting Conversation Selassie “D-Boy” is a musician and a “burner boy” at Agbogbloshie. He and his fiancé are worried after the demolition of the scrapyard. Selassie, who sang the “Welcome To Sodom” documentary soundtrack, relied on the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard to earn money to provide for his fiancé and family in the Northern Region of Ghana. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant In the heat of the moment immediately after the demolition on July 1, with tears welled in his eyes, a "burner boy" picking up the last pieces turned to me: Burner Boy: My fiancé is pregnant. Just when I thought things are starting to turn around for me…and this. What am I going to do now? Life is brutal, I tell you. I pulled my camera to the side. Me: Grieve for now, if you must, and then look for the silver lining. If being around here has taught me anything, you frontline men don't rest. You have the path ahead. The future is in the air! I then quoted and translated Oscar Wilde: "...life cheats us with shadows. We ask it for pleasure. It gives it to us, with bitterness and disappointment in its train." Update: September 15, 2021 “Forgive us if we have wronged you and give us jobs” — 26 years old urban poor begs Ghana’s gerontocratic ruling class September 14, 2021: What looks like artisanal mining trenches are desperate urban poor men digging deep into the surface to prospect for scrap metals 10 weeks after the Agbogbloshiee demolition. The demolished scrapyard was a lifeline for thousands of urban poor. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant No, a foundation is not being dug on the demolished Agbogbloshie Scrapyard site. Living in the most desperate poverty, these young urban poor men are literally digging down — mining for scrap metals. Earning on average around GH₵20/day ($3.3), they have been coming here every day for 10 weeks following the Agbogbloshie demolition. Emmanuel Dessu, 23, from Tarkwa, is desperate and willing to do "anything" to survive in Accra's harsh urban environment. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant#half Men search for scrap metal buried deep under the surface of the demolished Agbogbloshie Scrapyard site. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant#half A teenager engaged in hazardous child labour takes a break to eat popcorn at Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant “There is no dignity in what I do, but I have nowhere to go,” said Emmanuel, 23, from Tarkwa in the Western Region of Ghana. Emmanuel moved to Accra in search of a job around 2016. He ended up at Agbogbloshie doing all sorts of hazardous work. With the scrapyard demolished, he’s now desperate. I sat on the pile to keep them company. #half Desperate urban poor man digs deep into the surface of the demolished site to find scrap metal. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant#half Recovered scrap metal buried deep under the surface of the demolished Agbogbloshie Scrapyard site. Copyright © Muntaka ChasantProcessing to separate dirt from rusted scrap metal recovered after digging deep into the surface of the demolished Agbogbloshie site. Copyright © Muntaka Chasant Nana, 26 years old, from Ejisu in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, turned to me and asked: “Could you tell the old people to please forgive us if we have wronged them and give us jobs?” "What, Nana, you have done no wrong to ask to be forgiven," startled by his question and request, I engaged him. "This is too much...what have we done to be humiliated in this manner?" Nana asked again. My hope is that the documentary photography form in this context would anchor the demolition as a spatial question and inform future debates in relation to the fluid nature of land access, urban marginality, and the post-Agbogbloshie Scrapyard urban society. Copyright © 2021 Muntaka Chasant

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